The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (French: Psychologie des Foules; literally: Psychology of Crowds) is a book authored by Gustave Le Bon that was first published in 1895. In the book, Le Bon claims that there are several characteristics of crowd psychology: "impulsiveness, irritability, incapacity to reason, the absence of judgement of the critical spirit, the exaggeration of sentiments, and others. Le Bon claimed that "an individual immersed for some length of time in a crowd soon finds himself (...) - either in consequence of magnetic influence given out by the crowd or from some other cause of which we are ignorant - in a special state, which much resembles the state of fascination in which the hypnotized individual finds himself in the hands of the hypnotizer. (shrink)

Argues that economics is a cultural phenomenon, rather than a strictly mathematical entity, that is found in mythology, religion, philosophy, psychology, ...

In The Economics of Good and Evil, Sedlacek challenges widely-held beliefs about economics and culture by tracing the study and themes of economics throughout history.

Reproduit quatre conférences faites en 1946 et 1947 sous ce titre au Collège de philosophie, et interroge la notion de temps comme limitation même de l'être fini ou comme relation de l'être fini à Dieu (Electre).

English summary: [Is the Church spoiling its own future? A German Catholic inquires] Hans-Harald Sedlacek, a catholic non-professional, turns out to be a quite inspiring maverick. He looks for the reasons for the crisis of faith, which the roman-catholic church is presently deploring as well. With sharp-witted arguments he gets to the bottom of the truths of Christian beliefs, he scrutinizes the alleged infallibility and points out the problems of the sexual morals of the Church including the causes for (...) shortage of priests and child abuse. Furthermore ethical and philosophical topics like property and veraciousness are debated in a most interesting way.Clearly and openly he states his reasons for staying in the Catholic Church but also the urgent necessity to strengthen the reformatory movement within the Church. He deplores the missing unity of Christians and full of verve he pleads for a closer confluence. With his book he aims to motivate the doubtful and disappointed of his own Church as well as the searching of other Churches to work together critically for a mutual future of Christianity. German description: Hans-Harald Sedlacek, ein katholischer Laie, erweist sich als ausserst anregender Querdenker. Er fragt nach den Gruenden fuer die Glaubenskrise, die derzeit auch von der romisch-katholischen Amtskirche so sehr beklagt wird. In scharfsinnigen Streitgesprachen geht er christlichen Glaubenswahrheiten auf den Grund, hinterfragt Unfehlbarkeitsansprueche und problematisiert die sexuellen Moralvorstellungen der Kirche samt den Ursachen von Priestermangel und Kindesmissbrauch. Zudem werden ethische und philosophische Themen wie aEigentum und aWahrheitsliebe auf spannende Weise diskutiert. Offen und klar benennt Sedlacek die Gruende fuer sein Verbleiben in der katholischen Kirche, aber auch fuer die dringende Notwendigkeit einer Starkung der innerkirchlichen Reformbewegung. Er beklagt die fehlende Einheit der Christen und pladiert mit Verve fuer ein engeres Zusammenwachsen. Mit seinem Buch will er Zweifelnde und Enttauschte seiner eigenen Kirche ebenso wie Suchende anderer Kirchen zu einer kritischen Mitarbeit an der gemeinsamen Zukunft der Christenheit ermuntern. (shrink)

Η εργασία αυτή θα αρχίσει με μια επισκόπηση των ποικίλων μορφών, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των σύνθετων και περιφραστικών μορφών του ελληνικού Παρακείμενου παράλληλα με το εύρος των χρήσεων τους όπως παρατηρούνται καθ’ όλη την ιστορία της γλώσσας, τοποθετώντας ταυτόχρονα αυτές τις μορφές και χρήσεις σε μία ιστορική πορεία. Η μορφολογία του Παρακείμενου θα συγκριθεί με εκείνη του Ενεστώτα και του Αορίστου, προκειμένου να καθοριστεί ότι το ποιόν του ρηματικού θέματός του είναι συνοπτικό ώστε να ταιριάζει με τον Αόριστο και να αντιτάσσεται στον (...) Ενεστώτα. Έπειτα, ο αναδιπλασιασμός του θέματος του σύνθετου Παρακείμενου θα καταδειχθεί ότι παραγάγει μη συνοπτικό ποιόν, αντίθετα με το ποιόν του λεξικού του θέματος. Αυτό το μη συνοπτικό ποιόν ταιριάζει με τον Ενεστώτα και αντιτίθεται στον Αόριστο. Στη συνέχεια θα παρασχεθεί μια επισκόπηση σχετικά με τον επαναδιπλασιασμό ως διαδικασία, τοποθετώντας τον αναδιπλασιασμό του ελληνικού σύνθετου Παρακείμενου μέσα σε αυτή τη διαδικασία. Θα δοθεί ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στις ιδιαιτερότητες του επαναδιπλασιασμού στην ελληνική γλώσσα. Εν τέλει, θα εξηγηθεί το σύνθετο ρηματικό ποιόν για τον ελληνικό Παρακείμενο, υποδεικνύοντας ότι η δράση που ανήκει στο λεξικό θέμα είναι συνοπτική, ενώ η μη συνοπτικότητα που παραγάγεται από τον αναδιπλασιασμό τού θέματος ανήκει στην κατάσταση που λογικά ακολουθεί τη δράση. Το σύνθετο λεξικό ποιόν που αναλύεται για το σύνθετο Παρακείμενο θα αντικατοπτρίζει αυτό του νεοελληνικού περιφραστικού Παρακειμένου. Το σύνθετο μοντέλο ρηματικού ποιόντος που περιγράφεται για τον ελληνικό Παρακείμενο προτείνεται για τη διαγλωσσική ανάλυση του Παρακείμενου. (shrink)

This book argues that the verbal aspect of the Greek Perfect is complex, involving not one but two aspects, where the perfective applies to events and the imperfective applies to states. These two aspects are connected to specific morphemes in the Perfect tense-form. This study analyses Perfect tense-forms in discursive text by focusing on the Pauline Corpus. The method is grounded in grammaticalisation studies and informed by morphology, comparative linguistics, and historical linguistics. The argument is further supported by a corpus-based (...) study showing both the Greek Perfect tense-form use in letters over an 800-year period and adverb collocations of the Perfect tense-form. The adverb collocations establish when a Perfect is used for an event or for a state. This study challenges other verbal aspect studies that find only one verbal aspect to explain the Greek Perfect. This study situates the Pauline Perfect tense-form usage within a spectrum of other letter writers, and finds that within the Pauline Corpus the Perfects within supplemental clauses are more likely to use active lexemes than other letter writers. This study also finds that most of the Perfects used in letters are supplemental to the mainline and are often backgrounded rather than foregrounded. (shrink)

This book argues that the verbal aspect of the Greek Perfect is complex, involving not one but two aspects, where the perfective applies to events and the imperfective applies to states. These two aspects are connected to specific morphemes in the Perfect tense-form. This study analyses Perfect tense-forms in discursive text by focusing on the Pauline Corpus. The method is grounded in grammaticalisation studies and informed by morphology, comparative linguistics, and historical linguistics. The argument is further supported by a corpus-based (...) study showing both the Greek Perfect tense-form use in letters over an 800-year period and adverb collocations of the Perfect tense-form. The adverb collocations establish when a Perfect is used for an event or for a state. This study challenges other verbal aspect studies that find only one verbal aspect to explain the Greek Perfect. This study situates the Pauline Perfect tense-form usage within a spectrum of other letter writers, and finds that within the Pauline Corpus the Perfects within supplemental clauses are more likely to use active lexemes than other letter writers. This study also finds that most of the Perfects used in letters are supplemental to the mainline and are often backgrounded rather than foregrounded. (shrink)

Les Cyniques grecs ne nous ont pas l gu de savants trait s. Leur philosophie, plut t pragmatique, s'exprimait par l'observance d'une vie asc tique franchement marginale. Le lecteur d couvrira dans ces fragments qui leur sont attribu s, dans ces t moignages de contemporains, pr sent s ici dans leur version fran aise, l'univers et l'id al des Cyniques. Le texte de cette nouvelle dition a t enti rement revu par l'auteur. Les recherches effectu es depuis la premi re (...) publication (1975) ont permis de compl ter plusieurs sections et d'y inclure des fragments nouveaux et des traductions r centes. Une bibliographie enti rement r vis e et deux nouveaux index viennent compl ter l'ouvrage. (shrink)

In this brillant meditation on conceptions of history, Le Goff traces the evolution of the historian's craft. Examining real and imagined oppositions between past and present, ancient and modern, oral and written history, _History and Memory_ reveals the strands of continuity that have characterized historiography from ancient Mesopotamia to modern Europe.

Qu’est-ce qui peut venir à l’idée qui n’y soit pas déjà, en quelque façon, contenu, ou qui ne soit pas déjà à la mesure de l’idée? Ne faudrait-il pas, pour rendre pensable l’absolu – pour trouver un sens à Dieu – contester que la pensée soit coextensive à la conscience en guise d’un savoir toujours corrélatif de l’être et, dès lors, que la philosophie coïncide avec l’ontologie?Ce livre essaie de suggérer que le sens signifie non pas exclusivement sous la figure (...) de signifiants – choses, signes, mots – renvoyant à des signifiés; qu’il signifie, plus anciennement, à partir du visage humain, comme quand on dit signifier un ordre ou ordonner. Signifiance originelle du visage perçant sans cesse ses formes plastiques et représentées qui sans cesse se referme sur la voix silencieuse ou inouïe du commandement signifié! Eveil et dévotion suscités en guise d’un moi libéré de soi, libéré pour le prochain, même si l’on s’obstine à n’y trouver que représentation et conscience de soi. (shrink)

Centré sur le Gorgias de Platon, cet article vise à montrer que la critique platonicienne de la rhétorique ne s’élabore pas sur la base d’une hostilité de principe à l’égard du rhéteur, mais se développe au contraire à partir du discours rhétorique lui-même. Nous analysons d’abord les difficultés de l’analogie posant la rhétorique comme un simulacre de la justice : cette analogie révèle en fait la façon dont Gorgias cherche à manifester la singularité et la valeur de son enseignement. Nous (...) examinons ensuite les principales étapes de la discussion entre Socrate et Gorgias, qui se focalise progressivement sur l’usage spécifiquement judiciaire de la rhétorique, pour montrer, dans un dernier temps, en quoi l’interrogation platonicienne sur la justice reprend la réflexion de Gorgias sur le sujet, en la radicalisant. (shrink)

Since the demise of the Sense-Datum independent objects or events to be objects Theory and Phenomenalism in the last cenof perception; however, unlike Direct Retury, Direct Realism in the philosophy of alists, Indirect Realists take this percepperception has enjoyed a resurgence of tion to be indirect by involving a prior popularity.1 Curiously, however, although awareness of some tertium quid between there have been attempts in the literature the mind and external objects or events.3 to refute some of the arguments against (...) Idealists and Phenomenalists agree with Direct Realism, there has been, as of yet, the Indirect Realists. (shrink)

According to a plausible and influential account of perceptual knowledge, the truth-makers of beliefs that constitute perceptual knowledge must feature in the causal explanation of how we acquire those beliefs. However, this account runs into difficulties when it tries to accommodate time perception -- specifically perception of order and duration -- since the features we are apparently tracking in such perception are not causal. The central aim of the paper is to solve this epistemological puzzle. Two strategies are examined. The (...) first strategy locates the causal truth-makers within the psychological mechanism underlying time perception, thus treating facts about time order and duration as mind-dependent. This strategy, however, is problematic. The second strategy modifies the causal account of perceptual knowledge to include a non-causal component in the explanation of belief-acquisition, namely chronometric explanation. Applying this much more satisfactory approach to perceptual knowledge of time, we can preserve the mind-independence of order and duration, but not that of time's flow. (shrink)

Kim Dong-ri et Seo Jeong-ju sont deux monuments de la littérature coréenne du XX e siècle. Les deux écrivains nouèrent une profonde amitié à partir des années 1930 et contribuèrent ensemble à la reconstruction du milieu littéraire de la Corée après la période de l’Occupation japonaise. Dans quel contexte le romancier et le poète se sont-ils rencontrés? Quelles sont les caractéristiques de leur lien amical? Comment celui a-t-il résisté aux vicissitudes du temps et au désaccord momentané lié aux circonstances? À (...) partir d’éléments biographiques, autobiographiques et de leurs témoignages réciproques, nous découvrons que la connaissance intime de l’univers de l’un par l’autre et leur inspiration mutuelle se fondent sur les valeurs littéraires et humanistes qu’ils partagent : fins connaisseurs de la littérature du monde, ils valorisent dans leur écriture des éléments proprement coréens. (shrink)

Kim Dong-ri et Seo Jeong-ju sont deux monuments de la littérature coréenne du XX e siècle. Les deux écrivains nouèrent une profonde amitié à partir des années 1930 et contribuèrent ensemble à la reconstruction du milieu littéraire de la Corée après la période de l’Occupation japonaise. Dans quel contexte le romancier et le poète se sont-ils rencontrés? Quelles sont les caractéristiques de leur lien amical? Comment celui a-t-il résisté aux vicissitudes du temps et au désaccord momentané lié aux circonstances? À (...) partir d’éléments biographiques, autobiographiques et de leurs témoignages réciproques, nous découvrons que la connaissance intime de l’univers de l’un par l’autre et leur inspiration mutuelle se fondent sur les valeurs littéraires et humanistes qu’ils partagent : fins connaisseurs de la littérature du monde, ils valorisent dans leur écriture des éléments proprement coréens. (shrink)

We present a model of rational behavior by which we characterize business ethical dilemmas as trade-offs between processes and consequences. As an illustration, we formulate the oil industry's business ethical dilemma as a trade-off between a socially detrimental process (emitting greenhouse gases, hence inducing a risk of climate change) and a self-interested consequence (profits). The proposed framework allows us to specify two types of strategies, differing by whether priority is given to the consequences or to the processes. We analyze and (...) illustrate these strategies at both the behavioral and the discursive levels. In particular, communication strategies raise questions about good faith in business argumentation, in the sense that business discourse may or may not be consistent with actual assumptions and/or actual behaviors. We conclude on possible drivers of more ethical business behavior. (shrink)

Qu'est-ce que la nostalgie sinon une mélancolie humaine rendue possible par la conscience de quelque chose d'autre, d'un ailleurs, d'un contraste entre passé et présent? Et cette nostalgie n'est-elle pas aussi provoquée essentiellement par l'irréversibilité du temps? Car on ne saurait remonter le cours du temps, tel est l'obstacle insurmontable qu'il oppose à nos entreprises. C'est notre impuissance devant cette impossibilité qui fait toute l'amertume de la nostalgie et l'absurdité des chimères du rajeunissement. La nostalgie n'est pas le mal (lu (...) retour: on peut toujours revenir à son point de départ, à son lieu natal (l'espace se prête docilement à toutes nos allées et venues) mais il est impossible de redevenir celui qu'on était au moment du départ. Mais si le temps s'oppose irréductiblement à la rétrogradation il ouvre devant nous une carrière infinie à la liberté. L'homme peut s'ouvrir à l'idée du futur et confirmer ce que le temps affirme. Se servant d'exemples tirés de la vie quotidienne aussi bien que d'oeuvres poétiques, philosophiques ou musicales, Vladimir Jankélévitch démontre en fin de compte que l'irréversible n'admet qu'un seul remède : le consentement joyeux de l'homme à l'avenir, au futur. (shrink)

Analyse dans la perspective phénoménologique de l'essence comme expression de "l'être" différent de l'"étant". Substitution, dans la subjectivité, de soi à autrui.

Since the Second World War, an increasing number of scholars have begun to focus on research related to trauma. This article attempts to demonstrate the long-standing history of studying trauma issues. Ankersmit’s theory of historical trauma innovatively approaches the topic from an aesthetic perspective, incorporating the concept of forgetting which has been overlooked by previous historians. This theory not only explains the origins of Western historical consciousness but also breaks through the previous simplistic linear attribution of trauma severity, providing a (...) new direction for the study of trauma theory. (shrink)

The study of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) function has shown to provide useful indicators for risk stratification and early detection on a variety of cardiovascular pathologies. However, data gathered during different tests of the ANS are difficult to analyse, mainly due to the complex mechanisms involved in the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Although model-based analysis of ANS data has been already proposed as a way to cope with this complexity, only a few models coupling the main (...) elements involved have been presented in the literature. In this paper, a new model of the CVS, representing the ventricles, the circulatory system and the regulation of the CVS activity by the ANS, is presented. The models of the vascular system and the ventricular activity have been developed using the Bond Graph formalism, as it proposes a unified representation for all energetic domains, facilitating the integration of mechanic and hydraulic phenomena. In order to take into account the electro-mechanical behaviour of both ventricles, an electrophysiologic model of the cardiac action potential, represented by a set of ordinary differential equations, has been integrated. The short-term ANS regulation of heart rate, cardiac contractility and peripheral vasoconstriction is represented by means of continuous transfer functions. These models, represented in different continuous formalisms, are coupled by using a multi-formalism simulation library. Results are presented for two different autonomic tests, namely the Tilt Test and the Valsalva Manoeuvre, by comparing real and simulated signals. (shrink)

ABSTRACT John Wilson argued, in a recent paper, that equality of opportunity is neither coherent nor reasonable. It seems that we can better understand Wilson's points If we distinguish between what one might call perfect equality of opportunity and greater equality of opportunity. Further, the familiar notions of formal opportunity and substantive opportunity still seem crucial to an understanding of the issues.

This paper argues that economic rationality and ethical behavior cannot be reduced one to the other, thus casting doubt on the validity of assertions such as ‘profit is ethical’ or ‘ethics pays’. In order to express ethical dilemmas in a way which opposes economic interest with ethical concerns, we propose a model of rational behavior that combines these two irreducible dimensions in an open but not arbitrary manner. Behaviors that are neither ethical nor profitable are considered irrational . However, behaviors (...) that are profitable but unethical, and behaviors that are ethical but not profitable, are all treated as rational . Combining ethical concerns with economic interest, ethical business is in turn seen as an optimal form of rationality between venality and sacrifice. Because everyone prefers to communicate that they act ethically, ethical business remains ambiguous until some economic interest is actually sacrificed. We argue, however, that ethical business has an interest in demonstrating its consistency between communication and behavior by a transparent attitude. On the other hand, venal behaviors must remain confidential to hide the corresponding lack of consistency. This discursive approach based on transparency and confidentiality helps to further distinguish between ethical and unethical business behaviors. (shrink)

Dans la genese de sa constitution, la philosophie n'a pu faire l'economie d'une confrontation avec la musique qui fournissait aux anciens Grecs les schemes fondamentaux de la culture. De cette confrontation Platon est le temoin. Scindant la musique, il privilegie l'Harmonique, qui en est la partie theorique, sans toutefois lui reconnaitre la titre de science supreme. Correlativement, il condamne comme dysharmonie, tumulte fracassant et perturbateur de l'ordre cosmique, l'harmonie chromaticiste dont il s'emploie, non sans paradoxe, a decrire le detail. Par (...) cette lecture en filigrane des Dialogues de Platon, l'auteur se propose de reconstruire la pensee qui procede de l'harmonie chromaticiste et de montrer son importance dans l'elaboration de la philosophie fondatrice. Au carrefour des disciplines du savoir antique, ce livre s'adresse non seulement aux philosophes, mais aussi a tous ceux qui, musiciens ou stylisticiens, s'interessent a la forme musicale. (shrink)

This paper argues that economic rationality and ethical behavior cannot be reduced one to the other, thus casting doubt on the validity of assertions such as ‘profit is ethical’ or ‘ethics pays’. In order to express ethical dilemmas in a way which opposes economic interest with ethical concerns, we propose a model of rational behavior that combines these two irreducible dimensions in an open but not arbitrary manner. Behaviors that are neither ethical nor profitable are considered irrational (non‐arbitrariness). However, behaviors (...) that are profitable but unethical, and behaviors that are ethical but not profitable, are all treated as rational (openness). Combining ethical concerns with economic interest, ethical business is in turn seen as an optimal form of rationality between venality and sacrifice. Because everyone prefers to communicate that they act ethically, ethical business remains ambiguous until some economic interest is actually sacrificed. We argue, however, that ethical business has an interest in demonstrating its consistency between communication and behavior by a transparent attitude. On the other hand, venal behaviors must remain confidential to hide the corresponding lack of consistency. This discursive approach based on transparency and confidentiality helps to further distinguish between ethical and unethical business behaviors. (shrink)

"The Philosophical Imaginary teaches us how to read philosophy afresh. Focusing on central, but often undiscussed, images, Le Doeuff's patient, perspicacious, and always brilliant readings show us how to uncover the political unconscious at work in great philosophy. Le Doeuff's contribution to philosophy and feminism is unequalled. This book is a classic.".

Les Burwood, Carol Brady; Changing and Explaining Behaviour by Reward, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 18, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 109–113, https.

Exploring intentionality from an externalist perspective, I distinguish three kinds of intentionality in the case of seeing, which I call transparent, translucent, and opaque respectively. I then extend the distinction from seeing to knowing, and then to believing. Having explicated the three-fold distinction, I then critically explore some important consequences that follow from granting that (i) there are transparent and translucent intentional states and (ii) these intentional states are mental states. These consequences include: first, that existential opacity is neither the (...) mark of intentionality nor of the mental; second, that Sellars has not shown that all intentionality is non-relational; third, that a key Quinean argument for semantic indeterminacy rests on a false premise; fourth, that perceptual experience is intentional on Alston’s Theory of Appearing; fifth, that either some mental causation is more than internal physiological causation or some mental states are epiphenomenal. (shrink)

: Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for "parity": equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active (...) citizenship defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for “parity”: equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)